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Humans have a cell surface receptor called integrin beta-1, or CD29, which is encoded by the ITGB1 gene. In order to form integrin complexes that act as collagen receptors, the integrins associate with integrin alpha one and integrin alpha 2. They also dimerize with integrin alpha 3 to create receptors for netrin one and reelin. The integrin beta-1D isoform is specifically expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, localizes to costameres, and aberrant levels of integrin beta-1D result in polyneuropathy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy. Membrane receptors of the integrin family are involved in cell adhesion and recognition in a variety of processes, including immune response, tissue repair, hemostasis, embryogenesis, and the metastatic diffusion of tumor cells. Three novel isoforms of integrin beta-1 are known as integrin beta-1B, beta-1C, and beta-1D. The dominant isoforms of integrin beta-1B inhibit cell adhesion.